What it is
Glutathione is a tripeptide made in nearly every cell from glutamate, cysteine and glycine. The glutamate is joined through an unusual gamma bond, which protects it from normal protein-digesting enzymes.
How it works
Its cysteine thiol group neutralizes reactive oxygen species and is used by enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase. It also helps the liver detoxify drugs and chemicals, and recycles vitamins C and E.
What the research shows
- Glutathione depletion is well documented in acetaminophen overdose, which is treated by giving its precursor N-acetylcysteine.
- Studies of oral or intravenous glutathione for skin lightening, Parkinson's disease and general wellness show small or inconsistent effects.
Regulatory status
Sold as a dietary supplement in oral forms. Not an FDA-approved drug for any condition. The FDA has warned consumers about unapproved injectable skin-lightening products, which often contain glutathione.
Storage and handling
Reduced glutathione oxidizes in air and in solution. Keep powder sealed, dry and refrigerated; protect solutions from light and use promptly.
Reconstitution math
To work out concentration, volume and U-100 syringe units for any vial size, use the reconstitution calculator with Glutathione selected. Always confirm the vial content against the label and the batch's certificate of analysis.
Key references
- Forman HJ, Zhang H, Rinna A. Glutathione: overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis. Mol Aspects Med. 2009.
- Search PubMed for Glutathione studies
Peptide Knowledge is an educational reference. Nothing on this site is medical advice, a treatment recommendation or dosing guidance. Many compounds described here are not approved for human use and are sold for laboratory research only. Talk to a licensed clinician before starting, stopping or changing any medication or supplement.
Related compounds
Related reading: reconstitution guide · how to read a certificate of analysis