What it is
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that contains cobalt. Cyanocobalamin is the stable synthetic form; methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin are the active forms used in the body.
How it works
B12 is a cofactor for two enzymes: methionine synthase, which recycles homocysteine and supports DNA synthesis, and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which is needed for energy metabolism. Deficiency causes anemia and nerve damage.
What the research shows
- Injections are standard treatment for deficiency caused by pernicious anemia or poor absorption.
- High-dose oral B12 can also correct deficiency in many people.
- There is no good evidence that extra B12 boosts energy in people who are not deficient.
Regulatory status
Cyanocobalamin injection is an FDA-approved prescription drug for B12 deficiency. Oral forms are sold as supplements.
Storage and handling
Usually supplied as a ready-made liquid rather than a powder, so it does not need reconstitution. Store at room temperature or as labeled, protected from light.
Key references
- Stabler SP. Vitamin B12 deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2013.
- Search PubMed for Vitamin B12 studies
- Official drug labeling on DailyMed
Peptide Knowledge is an educational reference. Nothing on this site is medical advice, a treatment recommendation or dosing guidance. Many compounds described here are not approved for human use and are sold for laboratory research only. Talk to a licensed clinician before starting, stopping or changing any medication or supplement.
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Related reading: reconstitution guide · how to read a certificate of analysis